Endocrine System: A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream to regulate various bodily functions.
內分泌系統: 一個由腺體組成的網絡,負責製造並直接分泌荷爾蒙(激素)進入血液中,以調節各種身體機能。
Hormones: Chemical messengers produced by glands that travel through the bloodstream to target specific cells or organs, regulating various physiological processes.
荷爾蒙 / 激素: 由腺體產生的化學訊息傳遞物質,透過血液運行到特定的目標細胞或器官,以調節各種生理程序。
Hypothalamus: A region of the brain that acts as a control center, connecting the nervous system and the endocrine system, and regulating hormone production.
下視丘: 大腦的一個區域,作為控制中心,連結神經系統與內分泌系統,並調節荷爾蒙的製造。
Pituitary Gland: Often called the "master gland" because it influences many other glands and releases critical hormones that control various bodily functions.
腦下垂體: 常被稱為「主腺體」,因為它會影響許多其他腺體,並釋放控制各種身體機能的關鍵荷爾蒙。
Growth Hormone: A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates growth, cell reproduction, and regeneration.
生長激素: 由腦下垂體分泌的一種荷爾蒙,能刺激生長、細胞複製與再生。
Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH): A hormone that helps control water retention and blood pressure by regulating the body's water balance.
抗利尿激素 (ADH): 一種透過調節體內水分平衡,來協助控制水分滯留(保水)與血壓的荷爾蒙。
Thyroid Gland: A gland located in the neck that produces hormones responsible for metabolism, energy regulation, and overall growth and development.
甲狀腺: 位於頸部的一個腺體,製造負責代謝、能量調節以及整體生長與發育的荷爾蒙。
Thyroxine: A key hormone produced by the thyroid gland that regulates metabolism, body temperature, and other important bodily functions.
甲狀腺素: 由甲狀腺製造的一種關鍵荷爾蒙,負責調節新陳代謝、體溫及其他重要的身體機能。
Parathyroid Glands: Small glands located behind the thyroid that help maintain stable calcium levels in the blood.
副甲狀腺: 位於甲狀腺後方的微小腺體,協助維持血液中鈣水平的穩定。
Adrenal Glands: Small glands located on top of the kidneys that produce hormones like cortisol and adrenaline.
腎上腺: 位於腎臟上方的微小腺體,製造如皮質醇和腎上腺素等荷爾蒙。
Cortisol: A stress hormone that helps regulate metabolism, blood sugar levels, and the body's response to stress.
皮質醇(可體松): 一種壓力荷爾蒙,協助調節新陳代謝、血糖水平以及身體對壓力的反應。
Adrenaline: A hormone that prepares the body for "fight or flight" response, increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy supplies.
腎上腺素: 一種讓身體為「戰或逃」反應做好準備的荷爾蒙,會引發心跳加快、血壓升高並增加能量供應。
Pancreas: An organ that produces insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels.
胰臟: 一個製造胰島素和升糖素以調節血糖水平的器官。
Insulin: A hormone that allows cells to absorb and use glucose from the bloodstream.
胰島素: 一種允許細胞從血液中吸收並利用葡萄糖的荷爾蒙。
Glucagon: A hormone that raises blood sugar levels by triggering the liver to convert stored glycogen into glucose.
升糖素: 一種透過引發肝臟將儲存的肝醣轉化為葡萄糖,從而提高血糖水平的荷爾蒙。
Reproductive Glands: 生殖腺:
Ovaries (in females): Produce hormones like estrogen and play a crucial role in reproductive health.
卵巢(女性): 製造雌激素等荷爾蒙,在生殖健康中扮演至關重要的角色。
Testes (in males): Produce testosterone and are essential for reproductive function.
睾丸(男性): 製造睾固酮,對生殖功能至關重要。
Estrogen: A primary female sex hormone responsible for developing female secondary sexual characteristics and regulating the reproductive cycle.
雌激素: 主要的女性性荷爾蒙,負責發展女性第二性徵並調節生殖週期。
Testosterone: The primary male sex hormone responsible for developing male secondary sexual characteristics and reproductive function.
睾固酮: 主要的男性性荷爾蒙,負責發展男性第二性徵及生殖功能。
Feedback Loops: A regulatory mechanism in the endocrine system where hormone levels are monitored and adjusted to maintain balance.
反饋機制 / 回饋環路: 內分泌系統中的一種調節機制,藉由監測和調整荷爾蒙水平來維持體內平衡。
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH): A hormone produced by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid to produce thyroxine.
促甲狀腺激素 (TSH): 由腦下垂體製造的一種荷爾蒙,能刺激甲狀腺分泌甲狀腺素。