免疫系統（Immune System）

Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific antigens to neutralize or destroy them. 

抗體： 一種由免疫系統產生的蛋白質，能識別並結合特定的抗原，以中和或摧毀它們。

Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response, often a protein on the surface of pathogens. 

抗原： 一種會引發免疫反應的物質，通常是存在於病原體表面的蛋白質。

Autoimmune Disease: A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues. 

自身免疫性疾病 / 自體免疫疾病： 免疫系統錯誤地攻擊人體自身組織的狀況。

B Cells (B Lymphocytes): White blood cells that produce antibodies and are involved in the humoral immune response. 

B細胞（B淋巴細胞）： 一種負責產生抗體並參與體液免疫反應的白血球。

Cytokines: Signaling proteins that regulate immune responses, inflammation, and cell communication. 

細胞激素 / 細胞因子： 負責調節免疫反應、發炎反應和細胞間溝通的訊息傳遞蛋白質。

Helper T Cells (CD4+ T Cells): A type of T cell that assists other immune cells by releasing cytokines and enhancing immune responses. 

輔助性T細胞（CD4+ T細胞）： 一種透過釋放細胞激素來協助其他免疫細胞，進而增強免疫反應的T細胞。

Immunodeficiency: A condition where the immune system’s ability to fight infections is impaired. 

免疫缺陷 / 免疫不全： 免疫系統對抗感染的能力受損、受到削弱的狀況。

Macrophage: A large white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and cellular debris. 

巨噬細胞： 一種能吞噬並消化病原體以及細胞碎屑的大型白血球。

Natural Killer (NK) Cells: A type of immune cell that destroys infected or cancerous cells without prior activation by antigens. 

自然殺手細胞（NK細胞）： 一種無需抗體預先活化，就能直接摧毀受感染細胞或癌細胞的免疫細胞。

Pathogen: A microorganism that can cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites. 

病原體： 能引發疾病的微生物，例如細菌、病毒、真菌或寄生蟲。

Phagocytosis: The process by which certain immune cells, like macrophages, engulf and digest pathogens or debris. 

吞噬作用： 特定免疫細胞（如巨噬細胞）將病原體或碎屑包圍、吞噬並消化的過程。

T Cells (T Lymphocytes): White blood cells that play a key role in the immune response, including killing infected cells and regulating immune activity. 

T細胞（T淋巴細胞）： 在免疫反應中扮演關鍵角色的白血球，功能包括殺死受感染的細胞以及調節免疫活性。

Vaccination: The process of introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system and build immunity. 

疫苗接種： 將無害形式的病原體引入體內，以刺激免疫系統並建立免疫力的過程。

Adaptive Immunity: The immune system’s ability to develop a specific response to an antigen and retain memory of it for future responses. 

後天免疫 / 適應性免疫： 免疫系統針對特定抗原發展出特異性反應，並對其保持記憶以應對未來再次感染的能力。

Innate Immunity: The body’s first line of defense, consisting of non-specific barriers and immune responses to pathogens. 

先天免疫 / 原生免疫： 人體的第一道防線，由對抗病原體的非特異性屏障（如皮膚、黏膜）和免疫反應所組成。

Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, that are central to the immune response. 

淋巴細胞： 一種白血球，包括B細胞、T細胞和自然殺手細胞，是免疫反應的核心。

Histamine: A chemical released by immune cells that triggers inflammation and allergic responses. 

組織胺： 由免疫細胞釋放的一種化學物質，會引發發炎反應和過敏反應。

Inflammation: A protective response by the immune system to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain. 

發炎 / 炎症反應： 免疫系統對受傷或感染所做出的保護性反應，其特徵為紅、腫、熱、痛。

Plasma Cells: Specialized B cells that produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies. 

漿細胞： 專門化、分化成熟的B細胞，負責製造並分泌大量的抗體。

Immune Tolerance: The ability of the immune system to recognize and not attack the body’s own cells. 

免疫耐受性： 免疫系統能夠識別且不攻擊人體自身細胞的能力。