Antibody: A protein produced by the immune system that recognizes and binds to specific antigens to neutralize or destroy them.
抗體: 一種由免疫系統產生的蛋白質,能識別並結合特定的抗原,以中和或摧毀它們。
Antigen: A substance that triggers an immune response, often a protein on the surface of pathogens.
抗原: 一種會引發免疫反應的物質,通常是存在於病原體表面的蛋白質。
Autoimmune Disease: A condition where the immune system mistakenly attacks the body’s own tissues.
自身免疫性疾病 / 自體免疫疾病: 免疫系統錯誤地攻擊人體自身組織的狀況。
B Cells (B Lymphocytes): White blood cells that produce antibodies and are involved in the humoral immune response.
B細胞(B淋巴細胞): 一種負責產生抗體並參與體液免疫反應的白血球。
Cytokines: Signaling proteins that regulate immune responses, inflammation, and cell communication.
細胞激素 / 細胞因子: 負責調節免疫反應、發炎反應和細胞間溝通的訊息傳遞蛋白質。
Helper T Cells (CD4+ T Cells): A type of T cell that assists other immune cells by releasing cytokines and enhancing immune responses.
輔助性T細胞(CD4+ T細胞): 一種透過釋放細胞激素來協助其他免疫細胞,進而增強免疫反應的T細胞。
Immunodeficiency: A condition where the immune system’s ability to fight infections is impaired.
免疫缺陷 / 免疫不全: 免疫系統對抗感染的能力受損、受到削弱的狀況。
Macrophage: A large white blood cell that engulfs and digests pathogens and cellular debris.
巨噬細胞: 一種能吞噬並消化病原體以及細胞碎屑的大型白血球。
Natural Killer (NK) Cells: A type of immune cell that destroys infected or cancerous cells without prior activation by antigens.
自然殺手細胞(NK細胞): 一種無需抗體預先活化,就能直接摧毀受感染細胞或癌細胞的免疫細胞。
Pathogen: A microorganism that can cause disease, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, or parasites.
病原體: 能引發疾病的微生物,例如細菌、病毒、真菌或寄生蟲。
Phagocytosis: The process by which certain immune cells, like macrophages, engulf and digest pathogens or debris.
吞噬作用: 特定免疫細胞(如巨噬細胞)將病原體或碎屑包圍、吞噬並消化的過程。
T Cells (T Lymphocytes): White blood cells that play a key role in the immune response, including killing infected cells and regulating immune activity.
T細胞(T淋巴細胞): 在免疫反應中扮演關鍵角色的白血球,功能包括殺死受感染的細胞以及調節免疫活性。
Vaccination: The process of introducing a harmless form of a pathogen to stimulate the immune system and build immunity.
疫苗接種: 將無害形式的病原體引入體內,以刺激免疫系統並建立免疫力的過程。
Adaptive Immunity: The immune system’s ability to develop a specific response to an antigen and retain memory of it for future responses.
後天免疫 / 適應性免疫: 免疫系統針對特定抗原發展出特異性反應,並對其保持記憶以應對未來再次感染的能力。
Innate Immunity: The body’s first line of defense, consisting of non-specific barriers and immune responses to pathogens.
先天免疫 / 原生免疫: 人體的第一道防線,由對抗病原體的非特異性屏障(如皮膚、黏膜)和免疫反應所組成。
Lymphocytes: A type of white blood cell, including B cells, T cells, and natural killer cells, that are central to the immune response.
淋巴細胞: 一種白血球,包括B細胞、T細胞和自然殺手細胞,是免疫反應的核心。
Histamine: A chemical released by immune cells that triggers inflammation and allergic responses.
組織胺: 由免疫細胞釋放的一種化學物質,會引發發炎反應和過敏反應。
Inflammation: A protective response by the immune system to injury or infection, characterized by redness, swelling, heat, and pain.
發炎 / 炎症反應: 免疫系統對受傷或感染所做出的保護性反應,其特徵為紅、腫、熱、痛。
Plasma Cells: Specialized B cells that produce and secrete large quantities of antibodies.
漿細胞: 專門化、分化成熟的B細胞,負責製造並分泌大量的抗體。
Immune Tolerance: The ability of the immune system to recognize and not attack the body’s own cells.
免疫耐受性: 免疫系統能夠識別且不攻擊人體自身細胞的能力。